Bill Mook checks his “black box” tool. (Photo courtesy Bill Mook)
For Bill Mook, coastal acidification is one thing his oyster hatchery cannot afford to ignore. His Mook Sea Farm in Walpole depends on seawater from the Gulf of Maine pumped into a Quonset hut-style building where tiny oysters are grown in tanks. Mook sells these tiny oysters to other oyster farmers or transfers them to his oyster farm on the Damariscotta River where they grow large enough to sell to restaurants and markets on the East Coast.
The global ocean has soaked up one third of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions since the start of the industrial era, increasing the carbon dioxide and acidity of seawater. Increased seawater acidity reduces available carbonate, the building blocks used by shellfish to grow their shells. Runoff of fertilizer and other nutrients into nearshore waters can also increase ocean acidity.
Back in 2013, Mook teamed up with fisherman-turned-oceanographer Joe Salisbury, of the University of New Hampshire, in an effort to understand how changing seawater chemistry could hamper the growth and survival of oysters in his hatchery and oyster farm.
Salisbury and his team adapted and installed in the hatchery sophisticated technology that Mook calls “the black box.” Sensors housed inside a heavy black plastic case the size of a bread box estimate the amount of carbonate in seawater pumped into the hatchery by measuring carbon dioxide and alkalinity, or the capacity of the water to buffer against increases in acidity. The black box was developed with funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Ocean Acidification Program and Integrated Ocean Observing System.
Workers tend the oyster cages at Mook Sea Farm. (Photo courtesy Bill Mook)
Mook compares ocean acidification to a train barreling down the tracks headed for his business. By measuring the year-to-year changes in carbonate and matching that against how well his oysters do in a particular year, he says he will understand how oysters grow under different conditions. These tools help him learn how fast and at what time the train may arrive.
“We see a growth opportunity for this equipment,” Salisbury said. He and his team are now using black boxes in the waters off Puerto Rico to map where changes in acidity may contribute to coral reef erosion. Starting this year, the NOAA ship Henry B. Bigelow will be outfitted with black boxes to collect carbonate chemistry data during fisheries surveys along the Eastern Seaboard. NOAA will use this data to help improve predictions of how ocean acidification may affect valuable resources and the people, like Mook, whose livelihoods depend on them.
(Laura Newcomb is a Sea Grant Knauss Fellow at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.)
